Objective To learn feeding rate of Microtus fortis calamorum to carex alone and to enrich the ecological knowledge of M. fortis. Methods Fifteen female and male adult individuals with similar weight and health and without injury or pregnancy, were raised separately in plastic cages measured 37 cm×27 cm×17 cm. The subjects were allowed to feed on carex ad libitum for 7 d, then their weight, intake rate, and metabolic rate were measured and analyzed. Results The average weight of adult female voles decreased from(84.23±15.29) g to(48.03±6.47) g, while the average weight adult male voles increased from(58.48±3.22) g to(68.70±10.95) g after 7 d. The feeding rate and metabolic rate of adult males were(0.06±0.04)%, lower than feeding rate(0.08±0.05)% and metabolic rate(0.09±0.05)% in adult females. However, the differences were insignificant(P>0.05) although both numerical values of the females were higher than those of the males. Conclusion It implies that carex alone cannot meet the nutritional needs of adult M. fortis, and the requirement of nutrition of the adult females is higher than that of the males.

Objective To investigate the community structure and population density of rodents in the Naqu grassland along Qinghai Tibet Railway, Tibet, China and to prevent the invasion of rodents and prevalence of plague along the Qinghai Tibet Railway. Methods The trap-day method was used to investigate the grassland of Naqu county, Anduo county, Bange county, Nierong county, Biru county, and Jiali county along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the river grassland of Anduo county, and the revetment and farmhouses along Qinghai Tibet Railway in Xiangmao village of Naqu county. Results A total of 1828 traps were recovered from the grassland, and 145 rodents, as well as 53 incomplete carcasses of rodents, were captured; the capture rate was 10.83%. Two species of rodents were captured in the grassland; another 2 species were captured in the river grassland, and 1 species was observed. In the grassland, plateau pika was the dominant species, followed by small numbers of Cricetulus longicaudatus, Phaiomys leucurus, and Marmota himalayana. One species of plateau pika, as well as an incomplete arcasses of rodent, was captured in the railway revetment. A total of 286 effective traps were placed in the farmhouses, and 20 rodents were captured. Mus musculus and P. leucurus were the main rodent pests in the farmhouses along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In the grassland, the capture rate was the highest in Naqu county in July, reaching up to 30.32%. Conclusion Plateau pika is the dominant species in the Naqu grassland along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and M. musculus is the dominant species in the farmhouses in Xiangmao village of Naqu county. No Rattus norvegicus and R. tanezumi are found in Naqu area. Surveillance should be enhanced to prevent the invasion of rodents along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway; measures should be taken to control rodents where their population density is high.

Objective To determine the feeding preferences of the workers of Reticulitermes flaviceps for the Pinus massoniana wood flour treated with Auricularia auricularis (Gray), Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.), Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis), and Poria cocos (Schwein.) and to provide a scientific proof for developing new termite control bait. Methods The P. massoniana wood flour treated with different wood-rotting fungi and untreated wood flour were placed in PVC cylinders which were connected with glass pipes. The workers of R. flaviceps were allowed to visit different cylinders and feed on the wood flour ad libitum. The number of workers in each cylinder and the amount of wood flour consumed by them were determined. Results The P. massoniana wood flour treated with various wood-rotting fungi had different attractiveness to the workers of R. flaviceps. The wood flour treated with G. trabeum attracted the most workers (86.4±8.7), followed by that treated with A. auricularis (48.8±1.9), P. cocos (33.2±3.6), and G. lucidum (21.8±3.9); the numbers of workers attracted by the wood flour treated with these wood-rotting fungi were 8.8, 5.0, 3.4, and 2.2 times, respectively, as compared with those of workers attracted by untreated wood flour. However, among all treated wood flour, only that treated with G. trabeum, A. auricularis, and P. cocos were significantly preferred by the workers of R. flaviceps, and the consumptions of the wood flour treated with G. trabeum, A. auricularis, and P. cocos were 5.0, 3.1, and 2.3 times, respectively, as those of untreated wood flour. Conclusion The workers of R. flaviceps show significant preference for the P. massoniana wood flour treated with G. trabeum, A. auricularis, and P. cocos. It is recommended to use these wood-rotting fungi to treat bait material when developing new termite control bait in the future, so as to improve the control effect on R. flaviceps.

Objective To investigate the community compositions and population densities of rodents in the rural areas along Qinghai-Tibet Railway inside Qinghai province, China and to prevent the migration of rodent pests between Tibet and the outside regions along the Qinghai- Tibet Railway and the transmission of rodent- borne diseases such as plague along this railway. Methods Trap-at-night method was used in the farmlands and farmhouses in Huangyuan county, Haiyan county, Gangcha county, Wulan county, Delingha city, and Geermu city along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway inside Qinghai province. Results In the farmlands, 2377 snap traps were used; 129 rodents (8 species) were captured, and 1 residual body of rodent was collected; Mus musculus, Cricetulus longicaudatus, and Microtus limnophilus were the dominant species. In the farmhouses, 760 snap traps were used; 38 rodents were captured, and 1 residual body of rodent was collected; M. musculus and Rattus tanezumi were the dominant species. In the farmlands, the rodent density was the highest in Wulan county (12.45%) in August 2010; in the farmhouses, the rodent density was the highest in Delingha city (12.77%) in August 2010. Conclusion There are settled populations of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in Geermu city and settled population of R. tanezumi in Huangyuan county. Surveillance should be enhanced to prevent migration of these rodents into Tibet along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Control measures should be taken where the rodent densities are high.

There was an outbreak of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O104:H4 infection in Germany from May to August in 2011. It started from North Germany, soon swept across the whole country, and then spread to the rest of Europe and North America. EHEC O104:H4 infection is a new infectious disease occurring in the new century and has attracted worldwide attention due to its strong pathogenicity and fast transmission. So far the disease has not been reported in China, but with the globalization, it is necessary to understand and prevent the disease. This paper aims to review the advances in the research on EHEC O104:H4 in terms of etiology, rapid detection, pathogenesis and symptoms of associated diseases, and preventive measures.

Objective To develop a quantitative detection method using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to detect Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale. Methods Based on the conserved nucleotide of the four species and the mechanism LAMP, a LAMP reaction system containing six primers was designed for genus detection and quantitation. LAMP products were stained by SYBR Green and analyzed by electrophoresis. The specificity of LAMP was evaluated by detection of Plasmodium spp. and twelve species of related parasites. The sensitivity of LAMP was evaluated in comparison with the PCR sensitivity, and the feasibility of quantitative LAMP was evaluated by detection of recombinant plasmids. Results After staining, LAMP products with Plasmodium DNA turned green while the color of the negative control and other parasites remained unchanged. Electrophoresis showed that LAMP products had characteristic ladders, which was not present in the negative control and other parasites. At a template concentration of 1.42×10⁴-1.42×10⁹ copies per microlitre, the standard curve established by recombinant plasmids showed a fine linear relationship between threshold cycle (Ct) and template concentration, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. The LAMP assay was found to have a detectability of 1.42×10¹ copies/μl, a 10-fold increase in sensitivity compared with traditional PCR. Conclusion The detection system had high specificity and sensitivity, which could be used for the prevention and control of malaria．

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the influence factors in areas where rabies raged in Guizhou province, and provide the evidence for the establishment of focused intervention measure suitable for the rural areas. Methods A multistage sampling method was used in this study and all the data were analyzed by Excel 2003 after logging data with Epi Data. Results In recent years, the incidence of rabies in Zhenning county was very serious. The incidence rates of rabies in 2005 and 2006 were 6.16/10 thousand and 5.19/10 thousand respectively, which mainly caused by bite of dogs. Because of the large number of the dogs, the injury rate of the crowd was also higher. It was 6.47% in 2006, and there was significant difference between exposure rate of students （10.58%） and that of farmers （5.05%）（χ2＝36.57, P＜0.001）. About 31.40% exposed crowd were not done the medical treatment, and 35.41% exposed crowd without inoculation rabies vaccines, only 4.26% of Ⅲ° exposed crowd with rabies immunoglobulin. Villagers knew less about the knowledge of rabies prevention and control. Conclusion The main factors leading to the rage of rabies were large number of dogs, low immunization rate of the crowd, high exposure rate of the public and low treatment rate of exposed crowd in the investigated districts.

Objective To test the toxicity and attractive actions of sulfluramid baits on the workers of Reticulitermes flaviceps.Methods The toxic effects of sulfluramid baits on the workers of R.flaviceps were tested by the method of filter paper-dipping chemical solution,and the attractive action of sulfluramid baits on the workers of R.flaviceps were tested using agar as the barrier.Results The 0.05% and 0.08% sulfluramid baits had high toxicities on the workers of R.flaviceps and 100% mortalities were at 13 days and 9 days after treatment respectively.The 0.05% and 0.08% sulfluramid baits had good attractive action on the workers of R.flaviceps and the rates of workers visiting these two baits were at least 20% higher than that of the control baits(pine wood).Conclusion It is recommended to use 0.05% sulfluramid bait for termite control in the field.

Objective To determine the contact toxicity of cyfluthrin on the workers of Coptotermes formosanus.Methods The workers of C.formosanus were contacted with the filter paper or sandy soil treated with cyfluthrin and their mortality was evaluated every 24 hours.Results Toxicity of cyfluthrin on the workers of C.formosanus was related with the time of treatment and the concentration of treatment.The mortality of workers continuously exposed to the filter paper treated by 25 mg/L cyfluthrin solution was 100% at 8 days after treatment,and the mortality of workers exposed 30 minutes to the filter paper treated by 800 mg/L cyfluthrin solution was 100% at 3 days after treatment.However,if the workers of C.formosanus were contacted with sandy soil treated with 20 mg/L cyfluthrin solution,the mortality would reach 100% at 6 days after exposure.Conclusion 5.7% cyfluthrin EC could be used for termite control.

This paper reported 5 genera and 46 species of Tabanidae collected from 9 counties of northeast frontiers of China during 1980-1989. 31 species distributed in Daxinganling subterritory (2 counties), and 44 species distributed in Changbaishan subterritory (7 counties). The predominant species were Hybomitra brevis, Atylous miser and H.stigmoptera. The composition of species of horseflies varied with different months. During active seasons, there was only one peak for H.brevis, H.stigmoptera, Tabanus pleskei, A.miser and A. rusticus.

The results of the experiment showed that FS-1 Shachongwang had the Characteristics of quick knockdown, strong lethality, broad range for insects, iong lasting time for themosquito,the housefly,the cockroach .the flea and the mite ect.After being stored for 15 monthsunder the usual temperature .it still had good effect on insects and its decomposition rate of activecontent was 3.69 percentage.The stability of its emulsifying agent was good.It did not grate afteradding 30～50 times water to it.